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This looping video shows an umbrella cloud generated by the underwater eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano on Jan. 15, 2022. The GOES-17 satellite captured the series of images that also show crescent-shaped shock waves and lightning strikes.
Credits: NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens using GOES imagery courtesy of NOAA and NESDIS
The huge amount of water vapor hurled into the atmosphere, as detected by NASA’s Microwave Limb Sounder, could end up temporarily warming Earth’s surface.
When the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano erupted on Jan. 15, it sent a tsunami racing around the world and set off a sonic boom that circled the globe twice. The underwater eruption in the South Pacific Ocean also blasted an enormous plume of water vapor into Earth’s stratosphere – enough to fill more than 58,000 Olympic-size swimming pools. The sheer amount of water vapor could be enough to temporarily affect Earth’s global average temperature.
“We’ve never seen anything like it,” said Luis Millán, an atmospheric scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. He led a new study examining the amount of water vapor that the Tonga volcano injected into the stratosphere, the layer of the atmosphere between about 8 and 33 miles (12 and 53 kilometers) above Earth’s surface.
In the study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, Millán and his colleagues estimate that the Tonga eruption sent around 146 teragrams (1 teragram equals a trillion grams) of water vapor into Earth’s stratosphere – equal to 10% of the water already present in that atmospheric layer. That’s nearly four times the amount of water vapor that scientists estimate the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines lofted into the stratosphere.
This satellite image shows an intact Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai in April 2015, years before an explosive underwater volcanic eruption obliterated most of the Polynesian island in January 2022.
Credits: NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey
Millán analyzed data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on NASA’s Aura satellite, which measures atmospheric gases, including water vapor and ozone. After the Tonga volcano erupted, the MLS team started seeing water vapor readings that were off the charts. “We had to carefully inspect all the measurements in the plume to make sure they were trustworthy,” said Millán.
A Lasting Impression
Volcanic eruptions rarely inject much water into the stratosphere. In the 18 years that NASA has been taking measurements, only two other eruptions – the 2008 Kasatochi event in Alaska and the 2015 Calbuco eruption in Chile – sent appreciable amounts of water vapor to such high altitudes. But those were mere blips compared to the Tonga event, and the water vapor from both previous eruptions dissipated quickly. The excess water vapor injected by the Tonga volcano, on the other hand, could remain in the stratosphere for several years.
This extra water vapor could influence atmospheric chemistry, boosting certain chemical reactions that could temporarily worsen depletion of the ozone layer. It could also influence surface temperatures. Massive volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa and Mount Pinatubo typically cool Earth’s surface by ejecting gases, dust, and ash that reflect sunlight back into space. In contrast, the Tonga volcano didn’t inject large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere, and the huge amounts of water vapor from the eruption may have a small, temporary warming effect, since water vapor traps heat. The effect would dissipate when the extra water vapor cycles out of the stratosphere and would not be enough to noticeably exacerbate climate change effects.
An image from Jan. 16, 2022, shows the ash plume from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruption that occurred the day before. An astronaut took a photograph of the plume from the International Space Station.
Credits: NASA
The sheer amount of water injected into the stratosphere was likely only possible because the underwater volcano’s caldera – a basin-shaped depression usually formed after magma erupts or drains from a shallow chamber beneath the volcano – was at just the right depth in the ocean: about 490 feet (150 meters) down. Any shallower, and there wouldn’t have been enough seawater superheated by the erupting magma to account for the stratospheric water vapor values Millán and his colleagues saw. Any deeper, and the immense pressures in the ocean’s depths could have muted the eruption.
The MLS instrument was well situated to detect this water vapor plume because it observes natural microwave signals emitted from Earth’s atmosphere. Measuring these signals enables MLS to “see” through obstacles like ash clouds that can blind other instruments measuring water vapor in the stratosphere. “MLS was the only instrument with dense enough coverage to capture the water vapor plume as it happened, and the only one that wasn’t affected by the ash that the volcano released,” said Millán.
The MLS instrument was designed and built by JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena. NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center manages the Aura mission.
Jane J. Lee / Andrew Wang
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Did ya happen to catch the bit about: it don't mean nut'n about nut'n? "The effect would dissipate when the extra water vapor cycles out of the stratosphere and would not be enough to noticeably exacerbate climate change effects."? R-i-i-i-ght. Lying Dog-Faced Pony Soldiers
So what is in this atmospheric soup that we live in anyway?
Two small, Tiny even, things about CO2:
1) It is one part carbon and 2 parts Oxygen
2) It is a minuscule part of the soup, 0.03%. So if it increases by 30%, we would have an almost whopping 0.04%
Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, yet other greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane) are often portrayed as the main drivers of climate change. Why is that?
Answer:
KettleWater vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, both by weight and by volume (1), (2). Water vapour is also an effective greenhouse gas, as it does absorb longwave radiation and radiates it back to the surface, thus contributing to warming.
When compared to other greenhouse gases, water vapour stays in the atmosphere for a much shorter period of time. Water vapour will generally stay in the atmosphere for days (before precipitating out) while other greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide or methane, will stay in the atmosphere for a much longer period of time (ranging from years to centuries) thus contributing to warming for an extended period of time.
The addition of water vapour to the atmosphere, for the most part, cannot be directly attributed to human generated activities. Increased water vapor content in the atmosphere is referred to as a feedback process. Warmer air is able to hold more moisture. As the climate warms, air temperatures rise, more evaporation from water sources and land occurs, thus increasing the atmospheric moisture content. The increase in water vapour in the atmosphere, because water vapour is an effective greenhouse gas, thus contributes to even more warming: it enhances the greenhouse effect.
Water vapour is often discussed and recognized as being an important part of the global warming process. The water vapour feedback process is most likely responsible for a doubling of the greenhouse effect when compared to the addition of carbon dioxide on its own (3).
Editor’s Note: The video above is intended as a pro-green-energy propaganda piece, but we’re posting it because it highlights just some of the major challenges the climate change cult is having in pushing their agenda forward. Even the cultists know their plans are ludicrous.
The notion of an electric vehicle (EV) has been around longer than the gasoline automobile, but is yet to be adopted with wide acceptance.
It has been an area of debate in the auto industry for as long as anyone can remember, says Travis Okulski, an editor at Road & Track. On paper, electric motors are fantastic, but in the real world – and especially during these trying times – there are a number of factors that combine to exemplify the weaknesses of EVs.
Pollution
There are two factors that come into play that may not be considered by the EV buyer:
What power is used to charge the car?
Unless you have your own solar generator, the likelihood is that the electric car is actually being charged by coal or gas power, which are the most prevalent power-generating stations in the world. They are also the most heavily polluting. The addition of hundreds of thousands or millions of EVs will put a strain on these plants, increasing pollution on their end.
How are the batteries made and what happens when they are disposed of?
The nickel-hydride batteries that are in electric cars are created in a number of heavily polluting processes, like nickel mining. The nickel-hydride batteries also contain possible carcinogens. To complete the battery construction process, they are shipped all over the world, which adds additional pollutants.
Disposal of the batteries is also an issue. With toxic materials inside, incorrect disposal by a junkyard or manufacturer could destroy the ecosystem of an area for generations.
The strain on the power grid
Over half of all new cars sold in the United States by 2030 are expected to be EVs and that could put a major strain on the nation’s electric power grid – an already aging system built for a world that runs on fossil fuels, according to Katie Brigham in her story for CNBC.
Charging EVs is quite electricity intensive
While a direct comparison with appliances depends on many variables, an owner of a new Tesla Model 3 who drives the national average of around 14,000 miles per year would use about the same amount of electricity charging their vehicle at home as they would on their electric water heater over the course of a year, and about 10 times more electricity than it would take to power a new, energy-efficient refrigerator.
Larger electric vehicles such as the Ford F-150 Lightning would generally use more electricity than a central AC unit in a large home.
In a study commissioned by the California Public Utilities Commission, grid analytics company Kevala forecasts that California alone will have to spend $50 billion by 2035 in distribution grid upgrades to meet its ambitious EV targets. Energy providers could have the option to switch off EV charging stations remotely to reduce pressure on the electric grid, said Daniel Y. Teng via The Epoch Times.
Charge time
EV charging can take minutes or days. There’s really no way to nail down exactly how long it takes to charge an EV because it depends on a myriad of factors. Battery size, its overall efficiency, the speed of its onboard charge and the power source you’re plugging into are just some of the more obvious variables though there are countless others, US News reported.
Range
EVs are perfectly adequate to go around town or to run short errands. The truth is electric cars inherently limit a journey based on their small range.
Range involves charging the battery all the way to 100 percent, which is not the EV norm. Topping off the last 10–15 percent is when the rate of charging slows considerably and it also leads to increased degradation in battery capacity over time, according to Car and Driver.
For example, Tesla recommends limiting charging to 90 percent for daily use. Even on long-distance trips, the stops are determined more by the charging infrastructure than anything else, and the most expeditious method is to top up the battery just far enough—to maybe 80 or 90 percent, keeping it in the speedy part of the charge-rate curve—to get to the next charger. (Related: EV NIGHTMARE: Man spends 15 hours to travel 178 miles, proving EVs are unsuitable for long-distance travel.)
Infrastructure
As of November 8, 2022, there are 56,256 EV charging stations with about 148,000 charging ports across the country. Approximately 52,375 were available to the public, and 3,816 stations were private, according to the Alternative Fuels Data Center.
While this is enough to sustain the current number of registered EVs, the US would need to roughly triple installation rates over the next eight years to support the anticipated number of EVs on the road by 2030. (Related: EV owners complain about “logistical nightmare” caused by lack of charging stations.)
Cost
Lower-income consumers still see EVs as out of reach, USA Today reported. Corey Lydstone, founder and CEO of Autolist, a CarGurus company, said the gains of EVs are currently largely limited to higher-income households.
In a survey fielded by Autolist to 3,104 buyers between February and July, 46 percent of those earning less than $30,000 annually cited EVs’ upfront costs as a major hurdle and a third said they had no place to charge where they lived. That compares to the survey average of 42 percent and 27 percent of people who cited these as top concerns, respectively.
Government
Currently, government incentives are encouraging the purchase of electric cars in America with tax credits of up to $7,500 available.
This brings the purchase price in range with comparable traditional models to make them a viable alternative for buyers. But there is only so long a tax incentive can last, and once the credit dries up, it is only a matter of time until electric car sales slow as well.
So while the government is helping in the short term, the long-term effects could be harmful...
A point to ponder: Power Companies Could Remotely Switch Off EV Chargers to Reduce Grid Stress (There is an article on that) Anyone remember the blackouts in KKKomifornia impacting EV users from a year or two ago?
Joe Biden is “close” to signing an executive order to declare a “climate emergency,” granting the Democrat president sweeping new powers to enforce lockdowns and other tyrannical measures in order to “save the planet” from “global warming,” a public policy think tank is warning.
According to the Heartland Institute, “the signs are there” that Biden will declare a “climate emergency” that would see “gas rationing, restrictions on electricity use, and limits on air travel.”
The move would also place limits on meat and dairy consumption in order to meet the “Net Zero” goals of the globalist green agenda.
The Heartland Institute says insiders have revealed that the Biden administration has been working with the United Nations (UN) to prepare for the authoritarian restrictions.
Amid the behind-the-scenes maneuvering, the UN’s website has just been updated with a new “climate emergency” page.
“The science is clear,” the UN website states.
“The world is in a state of climate emergency, and we need to shift into emergency gear.
“Humanity’s burning of fossil fuels has emitted enough greenhouse gases (GHGs) to significantly alter the composition of the atmosphere and average world temperature has risen between 1.1 and 1.2°C.
“And for every degree in rising temperatures, the cost of adaptation will rise exponentially.
“GHG emission must peak now yet the gap between ambition and action is growing.
“We have the solutions we need and many will reduce emissions, contribute to climate adaptation, create jobs, restore the natural environment, and encourage good investments.”
The news comes as the corporate media has been ramping up reports on recent heatwaves by linking the hot weather to “climate change.”
As Slay News reported last week, in an interview with the Weather Channel, Biden revealed that the federal government is “preparing the military” to “deal with the climate stuff.”
The president then falsely claimed he has declared a “climate emergency” as he casually brushed a bug off of the reporter’s chest...
BTW and not a big surprise: The reporter was a female...
I have read up on that “super volcano” resting under Yellowstone.
From what they say, when that thing finally decides to blow, watch out.
Yellow Stone Caldera. It's a fire cracker fo sho. One would hope when it goes the jet stream is far North of where I live. Will suck to be NJ or NY regardless.
But that Tonga jobby is in a prime location and seriously popped it's top. It used to be 2 separate islands, now they are land bridged together. But from some reports, it's been popping off a bit for the last 20 years, but the recent episode was by far the biggest.
Going to be a steep price to pay for the two perpetrators for Crimes Against the Climate Change Narrative. The two suspects to be charged are: The Washington Compost and MSN. Charges of reporting actual news that is conflict with the approved narrative typically carry stiff penalties.
KULA, Hawaii — At 10:47 p.m. last Monday, a security camera at the Maui Bird Conservation Center captured a bright flash in the woods, illuminating the trees swaying in the wind. “I think that is when a tree is falling on a power line,” says Jennifer Pribble, a senior research coordinator at the center, in a video posted on Instagram.
“The power goes out, our generator kicks in, the camera comes back online, and then the forest is on fire.”
At that exact moment, 10 sensors in Makawao, a small, rural town in the East Maui region of Upcountry — where the Conservation Center is located — recorded a significant incident in Hawaiian Electric’s grid, according to data from Whisker Labs, a company that uses an advanced sensor network to monitor grids across the United States. The bright light in the video was probably an “arc flash,” something that happens when a power line “faults” — meaning it has come in contact with vegetation or another line, or gets knocked down, releasing power, usually through sparks, according to a Whisker Labs official and other experts.
The fire in Makawao was the first of several reported on Maui last week, and this is the first time an electrical malfunction caught on video has been directly correlated with data confirming that Hawaiian Electric’s power system experienced a major problem at the same time.
It adds to evidence that the state’s main utility equipment sparked multiple fires last week, when powerful winds — predicted for days — whipped through drought-stricken grasslands. While the still-burning Makawao fire had nothing to do with the blaze that roared into Lahaina, it was one of several fires sparked on Aug. 7 and 8. At least one of those exploded into the blaze that roared into Lahaina, overwhelming residents, tourists and firefighters. As of Tuesday, 99 people had been confirmed dead in the most lethal U.S. wildfire in over a century, and crews have only searched 25 percent of burned neighborhoods.
“This is strong confirmation — based on real data — that utility grid faults were likely the ignition source for multiple wildfires on Maui,” said Bob Marshall, the founder and CEO of Whisker Labs, which has 78 sensors across Maui, part of a robust network of hundreds of thousands monitoring grids across the United States.
Asked about the coinciding video and sensor data, a spokesman for Hawaiian Electric, the power provider for Maui and other islands, declined to comment.
“Our immediate focus is on supporting emergency response efforts, restoring power for our customers and communities, and developing a long-term recovery plan,” spokesman Darren Pai said. “We know there is speculation about what started the fires, and we, along with others, are working hard to figure out what happened.”...
No word yet about pending charges of the un- indicted co-conspirators; the Power Company and State Forestry Services for their roles in the incident. Sure hope they all lawyer up STAT!
You will never believe the WH proposal to solve the Maui fires
Stop me if you've heard this solution before: More of other peoples money! BRILLIANT!!
Quote:
John Podesta Blames Climate Change for Maui Fire, Touts Inflation Reduction Act as Solution
John Podesta, the Senior Advisor to the President for Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation, took to the White House briefing room podium on Wednesday to blame climate change for the Maui wildfire and to tout the Inflation Reduction Act.
Claiming that the summer had brought “one climate disaster after another,” Podesta connected hot temperatures to the fires in Maui, though there is no direct evidence linking climate change to the disaster. The biggest environmental factor — as the San Francisco Chronicle recently reported — was the spread of invasive alien grass species, which are more flammable than the indigenous vegetation of Hawaii, and which used a recent wet winter to grow rapidly, providing even more fuel for the flames...
Are these pukes any better than any other snake oil salesperson?!? Or are they all just a clown car chock-full of one hit wonders??
My most humblest apologies for the teensey oversight on my part
Quote:
Originally Posted by Why_Yes_I_Do
''that Tonga jobby is in a prime location and seriously popped it's top..."
I failed to flesh out exactly what that meant. The location is on the Ring of Fire. In other words, somewhat interconnected to a chain of volcanoes around the Pacific ocean. Let this dude explain it better than I:
Tonga's volcano eruption: 'Most explosive event around Ring of Fire for a long time' | ABC News
I also kinda-sorta glossed over the timeline and history perspectives. These things have a tremendously long history, well beyond the typical millennial's time horizon of 32 seconds. Kinda ironic. Huh? BTW: happen to notice the dates of these articles from way back in the day of January of this year? Yet most of us are just now hearing about it.
Anyway, a good read if you want to find the time to do so - IMMHO.
Maybe the internets were clogged with something at the time OR the news regurgitaters were just busy OR they just didn't want to talk much about it during the Pagan Holy Month of January 6th...
The Trump Jan. 6 Indictment, Annotated - The New York Times
Read the full text of the 45-page Trump Jan. 6 indictment document
Trump Jan. 6 case: The special counsel indictment explained : NPR
CNN annotated text copy of Trump's third indictment - CNN
Trump Indictment Unsealed; Read All Charges in DOJ's Criminal Case
January 6 anniversary: Two years after US Capitol attack, investigation
#6 - Respect the topics presented by those who start a thread. Attempts to derail a thread or change it's direction is referred to as thread hijack and will be discouraged. Attempts to guide a thread in the right direction are appreciated, while responses to posts which hijack a thread are not.
This thread is funny. I will start by addressing the topic - of course I've never heard of it. I highly doubt many other than climate geeks have...
Now I will say what's funny to me. When a topic is so mundane and random that the person who starts the thread can't even stay on topic and is just pretty much talking to himself about a subject nobody gives a fuck about. And then has to be given a friendly reminder by staff to stay on topic about a thread he started because he's rambling about other shit that nobody gives a fuck about.
I can honestly say after so many years on this board that I can't recall someone hijacking a thread when that person is basically the only one posting in it. Congrats and well done! LOL
The topic is Climate Change. I made sure to put it in the title even, thinking it would make it clear.
Internally, I deliberated a good long while whether it rightly belonged in the Cat Box Forum. Unfortunately and obviously, while there is actual Earth Sciences, physics, astrophysics and what not involved in the topic, it has been entirely co-opted by money, power hungry zealots and Politics - then foisted upon unsuspecting masses (some of whom may be members of this here community) as a scheme to control. That is what the thread is actually about and that is why it is not sprinkled about, piecemeal, within a bunch of random, semi-related, point topic, threads.
On a finer point, which I expect the rules were not designed to comprehend - in all essence, the OP actually consists of 6 posts, plus the poll. More to the point, the real gist of the thread is the last graphic in the last initial post #6. That was how I designed the OP as the breath of the topic in a single OP post was obviously overwhelming, as is the topic itself..
As some may know, the poll is an "added" option, after you "submit" the first posting. In a nutshell; I chose a stepping stone example for the poll; which as the poll shows - almost noone heard of previously (including myself), to highlight exactly how power and greed are co-opting science with politics.
Hope that clears it up for those that are capable of understanding any of this enough to engage in this scientific yet politically perverted topic. Otherwise, I may be going off to banned camp for seeming to get uppity with the mod squad...
P.S. I totally deliberated just DMing this to the mod, who I expect is busy chasing all manner of pesky and smelly sctuff 'round these here parts (often with a full inbox) but I perceived a value-add to the thread topic by explaining it to those that can comprehend it.
Imma let you sort all that out by your fine Valued Poster self.
Quote:
Originally Posted by Lucas McCain
This thread is funny. I will start by addressing the topic - of course I've never heard of it. I highly doubt many other than climate geeks have...
Now I will say what's funny to me. When a topic is so mundane and random that the person who starts the thread can't even stay on topic and is just pretty much talking to himself about a subject nobody gives a fuck about. And then has to be given a friendly reminder by staff to stay on topic about a thread he started because he's rambling about other shit that nobody gives a fuck about.
I can honestly say after so many years on this board that I can't recall someone hijacking a thread when that person is basically the only one posting in it. Congrats and well done! LOL
The Honest Injun (Commanders?) Climate Change poll
may be going off to banned camp for seeming to get uppity with the mod squad...
